Postscript and pdf versions of most of these papers are available on the individual WWW sites.

© Copyright 1999-2005, National Research Council of Canada Ottawa

Papers on the WWW
Ionizing Radiation Standards Group
Institute for National Measurement Standards
National Research Council Canada

This document contains two groups of papers. In the first, the papers are actually on-line to be browsed and there is also usually access to the postscript and pdf versions of the paper. In the second section, access is given just to postscript or pdf versions of the paper.

This site does not contain all IRS publications. A more complete listing in pdf format is here.

As well as the papers listed below, there are several other related IRS WWW-sites which may be of interest. They can all be accessed via http://www.irs.inms.nrc.ca/inms/irs/irs.html.

Papers available on-line and as postscript and in some cases as pdf

• Iwan Kawrakow
  On the effective point of measurement in megavoltage photon beams
  Med.Phys. (in press)
  Discusses the effective point of measurement (EPOM) for thimble chambers in megavoltage photon beams. Based on the results of Monte Carlo simulations, its is shown that the EPOM depends on every detail of the chamber geometry and is generally different from the recommended upstream shift of 0.6 times cavity radius.

• Iwan Kawrakow
  On the efficiency of photon beam treatment head simulations
  Medical Physics 32 (2005) 2320-2326
  Provides a theoretical explanation of the efficiency of photon beam treatment head simulations using various forms of bremsstrahlung splitting and gives a convenient recipe for determining the optimum splitting number.

• Elena Tonkopi, M. R. McEwen, B. R. B. Walters and Iwan Kawrakow
  Influence of ion chamber response on in-air profile measurements in megavoltage photon beams
  Medical Physics 32 (2005) 2918-2927.
  Shows that plastic mini-phantoms are better for measuring in air profiles of megavoltage photon beams and that one has to take into account the variation of detector response with distance from the central axis when comparing measurements to Monte Carlo simulation results.

• Ernesto Mainegra-Hing, D. W. O. Rogers and Iwan Kawrakow
  Calculation of photon energy deposition kernels and electron dose point kernels in water.
  Medical Physics 32 (2005) 685-699.
  Presents energy deposition kernels calculations with EGSnrc and investigates differences to previous EGS4 results.

• I. Kawrakow, D. W. O. Rogers and B. Walters
  Large efficiency improvements in BEAMnrc using directional bremsstrahlung splitting
  Medical Physics 31 (2004) 2883-2898.
  Describes a new variance reduction technique, called DBS and implemented in BEAMnrc, that increases the efficiency of photon beam treatment head simulations by up to a factor of 8 compared to SBS, the best technique for such simulations previously avaiable.

• I. Kawrakow
  The effect of Monte Carlo statistical uncertainties on the evaluation of dose distributions in radiation treatment planning
  Phys. Med. Biol. 49 (2004) 1549 - 1556
  The paper presents a mathematical derivation of the probability distribution to calculate a certain value of a cost function given a Monte Carlo simulation of a dose distribution and draws various interesting conclusions.

• Ernesto Mainegra-Hing, Iwan Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers
  Calculations for plane-parallel ion chambers in ⁶⁰Co beams using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code.
  Medical Physics 30 (2003) 179 - 189.

• N. I. Kalach and D. W. O. Rogers
  Which accelerator photon beams are `clinic-like' for reference dosimetry purposes
  Medical Physics 30 (2003) 1546 -- 1555.
  Investigation of how well TPR_20,10 behaves as a beam quality specifier in clinical and non-clinical beams and gives a criterion for when it is acceptable in non-clinical beams in terms of a relationship between TPR_20,10 and %dd(10)_x.

• L. A. Buckley, I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers
  An EGSnrc investigation of cavity theory for ion chambers measuring air kerma
  Medical Physics 30 (2003) 1211 -- 1218.
  Outlines detailed comparison of EGSnrc calculations to measured responses of aluminum and graphite thimble chambers and demonstrates the sensitivity of the results to cross sections used in the calculations.

• I. Kawrakow
  On the de-noising of Monte Carlo calculated dose distributions
  Phys. Med. Biol. 47 (2002) 3087 - 3104.
  This paper describes a smoothing algorithm for de-noising Monte Carlo calculated dose distribution in radaition treatment planning and introduces 5 criteria for evaluating the performence of smoothing algorithms.

• B.R.B. Walters, I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers
  History by history statistical estimators in the BEAM code system
  Medical Physics 29 (2002) 2745 - 2752.
  Outlines the history by history method of statistical analysis as applied in the BEAMnrc code system and later applied to all the NRC RZ-user codes. This method improves the uncertainty estimates considerably.

• D. W. O. Rogers
  Monte Carlo Techniques in Radiotherapy
  Physics in Canada (2002) Vol.58 #2, pp 63-70
  Paper written for a special issue of Physics in Canada devoted to Medical Physics in Canada. The paper outlines how Monte Carlo techniques are used to simulate radiation transport and describes various applications related to radiation standards and radiotherapy dosimetry.

• D. W. O. Rogers
  Review of ICRU Report 64: Dosimetry of high-energy photon beams based on standards of absorbed dose to water
  Physics in Medicine and Biology Vol 47 (2002) 3663 - 3665
  An invited book review of the ICRU's Report 64 on absorbed dose standards.

• Daryoush Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. O. Rogers
  Calculation of nine megavoltage photon beam spectra using the BEAM Monte Carlo code
  Medical Physics 29 (2002) 391 - 402
  The calculated spectra and other information from 9 clinical photon beams.

• Daryoush Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. O. Rogers
  Sensitivity of megavoltage photon beam Monte Carlo simulations to electron beam and other parameters
  Medical Physics 29 (2002) 379 - 390
  A study of what parameters are important when simulating photon beams from clinical accelerators.

• Jan P. Seuntjens, C. K. Ross, K.R. Shortt and D. W. O. Rogers
  Absorbed-dose beam quality conversion factors for cylindrical chambers in high-energy photon beams
  Medical Physics 27 (2000) 2763 -- 2779
  Presents a detailed comparison of measured k_Q factors for 6 ion chambers to the calculated values in TG-51 and elsewhere.

• I. Kawrakow
  VMC++, electron and photon Monte Carlo calculations optimized for Radiation Treatment Planning
  Published in Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon, A. Kling et al (edts.), Springer, Berlin, 2001, pp 229-236.
  Main VMC++ reference so far.

• I. Kawrakow and M. Fippel
  Investigation of variance reduction techniques for Monte Carlo photon dose calculation using XVMC
  Phys. Med. Biol. 45 (2000) 2163 - 2184.
  Introduces the most efficient Monte Carlo simulation technique known todate for photon beam dose calculations in radiation treatment planning.

• Daryoush Sheikh-Bagheri, D. W. O. Rogers, Carl K. Ross and Jan P. Seuntjens
  Comparison of measured and Monte Carlo calculated dose distributions from the NRC linac
  Medical Physics 27 (2000) 2256 -- 2266
  Presents a detailed comparison of measured and calculated dose distributions in two NRC accelerator photon beams. Complete specification of the accelerator is included.

• I. Kawrakow
  ``Accurate condensed history Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport''
  Part I: ``EGSnrc, the new EGS4 version'', Med. Phys. 27 (2000) 485-498.
  Describes the implementation of various aspects of the condensed history technique into EGSnrc. These include an improved electron-step algorithm, an exact boundary crossing algorithm (these two became known as PRESTA-II), energy loss evaluation, fictitious cross section method and multiple elastic scattering.
  Part II: ``Application to ion chamber response simulations'', Med. Phys. 27 (2000) 499-513.
  Discusses various artifacts due to the inaccurate implementation of the condensed history technique and gives analytical expressions for their effect on the simulated cavity dose. Demonstrates that EGSnrc is capable of performing artifact-free simulations on the 0.1% level.
  These two papers from the basis of the improved electron transport implementation in the EGSnrc package compared to EGS4.
  

• I. Kawrakow and A.F.Bielajew
  ``On the condensed history technique for electron transport''
  Nucl. Instr. Meth. B142 (1998) 253 - 280.
  Extensive discussion of various condensed history algorithms and construction of a new electron-step algorithm that has an order of magnitude smaller truncation error.

• I. Kawrakow and A.F.Bielajew
  ``On the representation of electron multiple elastic-scattering distributions for Monte Carlo calculations''
  Nucl. Instr. Meth. B134 (1998) 325 - 336.
  Presents an exact, any angle, multiple elastic scattering theory that results from the screened Rutherford cross section.

• D.W.O. Rogers, B.A. Faddegon, G.X. Ding, C.-M. Ma, J. Wei and T.R. Mackie,
  ``BEAM: A Monte Carlo code to simulate radiotherapy treatment units,''
  Med. Phys. 22 (1995) 503 - 524.
  Extensive paper describing a large code system.
  See also the BEAM home page

• D.W.O. Rogers and Radhe Mohan
  Questions for comparison of clinical Monte Carlo codes
  Paper from XIII-th International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, Heidelberg, May 2000
  Presents a series of benchmark questions along with the data (in a digital format) needed to answer them.

• D.W.O. Rogers
  Fundamentals of Dosimetry based on Absorbed-Dose Standards
  Chapter in ``Teletherapy: Present and Future'' edited by J. R. Palta and T. R. Mackie, pages 319 - 356 (AAPM, Washington DC, 1996).
  Discusses some of fundamentals regarding AAPM's new TG-51 clinical dosimetry protocol which is still under development.

• D.W.O. Rogers
  A new approach to electron beam reference dosimetry
  Medical Physics, Vol 25(#3) (1998) 310 - 320
  Paper suggests an approach based on cm and absorbed dose calibration factors. It provides values of all necessary parameters, including a newly calculated set of values for plane-parallel chambers in water.

• D. W. O. Rogers
  Correcting for electron contamination at dose maximum in photon beams
  Med.Phys. 26 (1999) 533 - 537
  Short paper which provides a correction for electron contamination in photon beams when a 1mm lead foil is placed in the beam. The original purpose was to allow the lead foil to be at 30 cm from the phantom but paper also corrects some mistakes found in the earlier paper by Li and Rogers on the same subject.
  

• D. W. O. Rogers and C.L. Yang
  Corrected relationship between %dd(10)_x and stopping-power ratios
  Med.Phys. 26 (1999) 538 -- 540
  Paper presents the relationship between %dd(10)_x and stopping-power ratios needed in TG-51. In an earlier paper a simple 1/r² correction to parallel beam depth-dose curves was used (Kosunen and Rogers, 1999), but in this paper a more accurate relationship is used.
  

• G. M. Mora, A. Maio, and D. W. O. Rogers
  Monte Carlo Simulation of a Typical ⁶⁰Co Therapy Source
  Med.Phys. 26 (1999) 2494-2502
  Using BEAM, a typical ⁶⁰Co unit is modelled in detail. The results predict the variation in air-kerma output with field size within 0.1% and for the first time show excellent agreement in the buildup region of the depth-dose curves.
  

• J. Borg and D. W. O. Rogers
  Spectra and air-kerma strength for encapsulated ¹⁹²Ir sources
  Medical Physics 26 (1999) 2441-2444.
  Calculated spectra and air-kerma strengths per unit activity for various types of ¹⁹²Ir sources.

• J. Borg, I. Kawrakow, D. W. O. Rogers and J.P. Seuntjens
  Monte Carlo study of Spencer Attix cavity theory at low photon energies
  Submitted to Medical Physics, August 1999 .
  Using EGSnrc it is demonstrated that Spencer-Attix cavity theory works well for graphite-walled cavity chambers for 192-Ir sources. It is found that the insulators in the NRC primary standard for air kerma play a much more important role than appreciated previously.

• G.G. Zhang, D.W.O. Rogers, J.E. Cygler and T.R. Mackie
  Corrections for Electron Beam Relative Output Factors Due to Changes in  and Field Size
  Investigation of the corrections needed to electron beam ROFs measured with ion chambers.

• G.G. Zhang, D.W.O. Rogers, J.E. Cygler and T.R. Mackie
  Monte Carlo Investigation of Electron Beam Output Factors vs Size of Square Cutout
  Demonstrates the ability of BEAM to measure cutout factors for square inserts within about 1% at SSD=100 and SSD=115 cm.

• C.-M. Ma, B.A. Faddegon, D.W.O. Rogers, and T.R. Mackie
  Accurate Characterization of Monte-Carlo Calculated Electron beams for Radiotherapy
  Med. Phys. 24 (1997) 401 - 416.
  Discusses use of beam characterization models to accurately represent and reconstruct phase space data from BEAM simulations. It saves computer disk space and considerable time in the beam simulation for symmetric fields.
  

• G.X. Ding, D.W.O. Rogers, J.E. Cygler and T.R. Mackie
  Electron fluence correction factors for conversion of dose in plastic to dose in water
  Med. Phys. 24 (1997) 161 - 176.
  Calculates the factors using BEAM calculated realistic electron beams. Paper includes an extensive discussion of the theory of these factors and proposes a more rigorous approach along with simple summaries of the data for practical application.

• D.T. Burns, G.X. Ding and D.W.O. Rogers
  as a beam quality specifier for selecting stopping-power ratios and reference depths for electron dosimetry
  Medical Physics 23 (1996) 383 - 388
  Paper proposing new depth for reference dosimetry in electron beams.

• G.X. Ding, D.W.O. Rogers and T.R. Mackie
  Mean energy, energy-range relationships and depth-scaling factors for clinical electron beams
  Med. Phys. 23 (1996) 361 - 376.
  Studies relationships between energy and range using realistic beams simulated using the BEAM code. Also presents depth-scaling factors for various plastic phantoms.

• G.X. Ding, D.W.O. Rogers and T.R. Mackie
  Calculation of Stopping-Power Ratios Using Realistic Clinical Electron Beams
  Med. Phys. 22 (1995) 489 - 501.
  Reports correction factors for electron beam dosimetry needed to account for realistic instead of mono-energetic calculations of sprs.

• X.A. Li and D.W.O. Rogers
  Electron Mass Scattering Powers: Monte Carlo and Analytical Calculations
  Med. Phys. 22 (1995) 531 - 541.
  Comparison of calculations with Moliere multiple scattering theory and those of Rossi used by the ICRU. Results show that ICRU values underestimate the mass scattering power for low-Z materials, but more importantly, the Gaussian models using the msp are inappropriate.

• D.W.O. Rogers
  Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry and Medical Physics
  Physics in Canada, 51 (1995) 178 - 181.
  Review paper for Physics in Canada issue commemorating 100 years of use of ionizing radiation in medicine.

• D. W. O. Rogers and C. K. Ross and K. R. Shortt and N. V. Klassen and A. F. Bielajew
  Towards a Dosimetry System Based on Absorbed-Dose Standards
  Proc. of Symp. on Meas. Assurance in Dosimetry, (IAEA, Vienna, 1994) 565 - 580.
  Invited review arguing for a new approach to clinical dosimetry and presenting various projects at NRC.

• X. A. Li and D. W. O. Rogers
  Reducing Electron Contamination for Photon-Beam-Quality Specification
  Med. Phys. 21 (1994) 791 - 798
  Calculates factors which correct for the effects of electron contamination in radiotherapy beams on measured % depth dose at 10 cm.

• A. Kosunen and D. W. O. Rogers
  Beam Quality Specification for Photon Beam Dosimetry
  Med. Phys. 20 (1993) 1181 - 1188.
  Argues that using %dd(10), the percentage depth dose at 10 cm in a 10 10 cm field is a better photon beam quality specifier than .

  NRC Reports
  

  
  

• D. W. O. Rogers and J. McCaffrey
  The 2003 revision of the NRC standard for air-kerma in a ⁶⁰Co beam
  NRC Report PIRS-876 (Ottawa, 2003)
  Summarizes changes to the primary standard for air kerma in a ⁶⁰Co beam.
• D.W.O. Rogers, I. Kawrakow, N.V. Klassen, J. P. McCaffrey, M.R. McEwen, P.R.P. Saull, C.K. Ross and G. Zeng
  NRC Activities and Publications, 2001-2003: Report to CCRI(I) Meeting, BIPM
  The IRS groups biannual report to the BIPM's Consultatitive Committee on Ionizing Radiation Standards.

• J.R. Treurniet and D.W.O. Rogers
  EGS_Windows_4.0 User's Manual
  Manual for a 3-D tool for displaying the geometry and tracks of an EGS simulation. This version works on any X-Window platform.

• D.W.O. Rogers
  NRC Bibliography of EGS Related Papers
  Automated bibliography of EGS4 papers on NRC/IRS data base. Updated occasionally.

• D.W.O. Rogers
  NRC Bibliography of OMEGA/BEAM Related Papers
  Automated bibliography of papers about BEAM or the OMEGA project. Updated occasionally.

• D.W.O. Rogers, I. Kawrakow, N.V. Klassen, J. P. McCaffrey, C.K. Ross, K.R. Shortt, L. van der Zwan, and G. Daskalov
  NRC Activities and Publications, 1999-2001: Report to CCRI(I) Meeting, BIPM
  The IRS groups biannual report to the BIPM's Consultatitive Committee on Ionizing Radiation Standards . It includes a complete list of publications for the 2 years.

• D.W.O. Rogers, I. Kawrakow, N.V. Klassen, C.K. Ross, J.P. Seuntjens, K.R. Shortt, L. van der Zwan, Jette Borg and G Daskalov
  NRC Activities and Publications, 1997-1999: Report to CCRI(I) Meeting, BIPM
  The IRS groups biannual report to the BIPM's Consultatitive Committee on Ionizing Radiation Standards . It includes a complete list of publications for the 2 years.

• D. W. O. Rogers and J. Treurniet
  Monte Carlo calculated wall and axial non-uniformity corrections for primary standards of air kerma
  NRC Report PIRS 663 (Ottawa, May 1999).
  Report which demonstrates the difference between Monte carlo calculated correction factors and those found by other techniques. It demonstrates the ability of the calculations to reproduce experimental results.

• J. Borg and D. W. O. Rogers
  Monte Carlo Calculations of Photon Spectra in Air from ¹⁹²Ir Sources
  NRC Report PIRS 629r (Ottawa, March 1999).
  Calculated spectra and air-kerma strengths per unit activity for various types of ¹⁹²Ir sources.

• D.W.O. Rogers, A.F. Bielajew, N.V. Klassen, C.K. Ross, J.P. Seuntjens, K.R. Shortt and L. van der Zwan
  NRC Activities and Publications, 1995-1997: Report to CCEMRI(I) Meeting, BIPM
  The IRS groups biannual report to the Consultatitive Committee on Ionizing Radiation Standards of the BIPM. It includes a complete list of publications for the 2 years.

• G.X. Ding and D.W.O. Rogers
  Energy spectra, angular spread, and dose distributions of electron beams from various accelerators used in radiotherapy
  NRC Report PIRS 439 (Ottawa, April 1995).
  Extensive tables and graphs of data calculated with BEAM.

• A. Booth and D.W.O. Rogers
  Monte Carlo Study of Effects of Phantom Size, Radial Position, and Depth on Photon Beam Calibration
  NRC Report PIRS-507, Aug 1995
  Reports detailed Monte Carlo study of stopping-power ratios and to a lesser extent dose in cylindrical water phantoms of various sizes.

• D.W.O. Rogers
  Spencer-Attix water to air mass collision stopping power ratios as a function of depth and beam quality, R₅₀
  NRC Report PIRS-719, June, 2000
  Presents tables of stopping-power ratios vs depth and R₅₀ as calculated using the Burns et al general function and also compares the results with the original database of stopping-power ratios for realistic electron beams as calculated by Ding et al.

Papers and Reports available as postscript and/or as pdf

Note, in this section, depending on your browser, you may have to download the compressed versions separately, uncompress or gunzip them and then view them.

NRC Papers

• D. W. O. Rogers
  Monte Carlo techniques for primary standards of ionizing radiation and for dosimetry protocols
  MC2000 Conference Proceedings, p291-298
  pdf 464 kbyte

• I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers
  The EGSnrc System, a status report
  MC2000 Conference Proceedings, p135-140
  pdf 376 kbyte

• I. Kawrakow
  VMC⁺⁺, electron and photon Monte Carlo calculations optimized for Radiation Treatment Planning
  MC2000 Conference Proceedings, p229-236
  pdf 441 kbyte

• M. Fippel, M. Alber, M. Birkner, W. Laub, F. Nusslin and I. Kawrakow
  Inverse treatment planning for radiation therapy based on fast Monte Carlo dose calculation
  MC2000 Conference Proceedings, p217-222
  pdf 856 kbyte

• Alex F Bielajew and D. W. O. Rogers
  A standard timing benchmark for EGS4 Monte Carlo calculations
  Medical Physics 19 (1992) 303 -- 304
  (postscript 360 Kb) (compressed postscript 84 Kb) (gzip postscript 66 Kb) (pdf 144 Kb)

• Alex F Bielajew
  Monte Carlo modeling in external electron-beam radiotherapy--Why leave it to chance?
  (postscript version 2.2 Mb) (compressed postscript version 336 Kb) (gzip postscript version 245 Kb)
• Alex F Bielajew
  Plural and multiple small-angle scattering from a screened Rutherford cross section
  Nuclear Instruments and Methods, B86 (1994) 257 - 269
  (postscript version 3.6 Mb) (compressed postscript version 749 Kb) (gzip postscript version 334 Kb)
• Alex F Bielajew
  The effect of strong longitudinal magnetic fields on dose deposition from electron and photon beams
  Med. Phys. 20 (1993) 1171 - 1179
  (postscript version 1.3 Mb) (compressed postscript version 205 Kb) (gzip postscript version 136 Kb)
• Alex F Bielajew, Ruqing Wang, and Simon Duane
  Incorporation of single elastic scattering in the EGS4 Monte Carlo code system: Tests of Moliere theory
  Nuclear Instruments and Methods, B82 (1993) 503 - 512
  Partial-wave cross sections and single Rutherford scattering in EGS
  (postscript version 1.3 Mb) (compressed postscript version 450 Kb) (gzip postscript version 334 Kb)
• Alex F Bielajew
  A hybrid multiple-scattering method
  Nuclear Instruments and Methods, in press 30-Oct-95
  (postscript version 2.1 Mb) (compressed postscript version 559 Kb) (gzip postscript version 360 Kb)

NRC Reports

• Alex F Bielajew, H. Hirayama, W.R. Nelson and D.W.O. Rogers
  History, overview and recent improvements of EGS4
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0436, June 1994
  (postscript version 729 Kb) (compressed postscript version 194 Kb) (gzip postscript version 152 Kb) ( pdf version 342 Kb)

• Alex F Bielajew, Rahde Mohan, and Chen-Shou Chui
  Improved bremsstrahlung photon angular sampling in the EGS4 code system
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0203, Nov. 1989
  (postscript version 340 Kb) (compressed postscript version 132 Kb) (gzip postscript version 99 Kb)
• Alex F Bielajew and Paul E Wiebe
  EGS_Windows--A Graphical Interface to EGS
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0274 1991
  (postscript version 241 Kb) (compressed postscript version 91 Kb) (gzip postscript version 68 Kb) This is the manual for EGS_Windows Version 1
  
• Alex F Bielajew
  Graphics!
  Report NRCC/PIRS-397 1993
  (postscript version 334 Kb) (compressed postscript version 75 Kb) (gzip postscript version 59 Kb) Summarizes the history of various gaphics packages for EGS
  
• Alex F Bielajew
  Improved angular sampling for pair production in the EGS4 code system
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0287R, 1994
  (postscript version 478 Kb) (compressed postscript version 181 Kb) (gzip postscript version 141 Kb)
• Alex F Bielajew
  HOWFAR and HOWNEAR: Geometry Modeling for Monte Carlo Particle Transport
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0341, 1995
  (postscript version 4.4 Mb) (compressed postscript version 614 Kb) (gzip postscript version 317 Kb) (pdf version 627 Kb)
• Keath R Borg and Alex F Bielajew
  QUADPLOT: A programme to plot quadric surfaces
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0491, 1995
  (postscript version 4.2 Mb) (compressed postscript version 661 Kb) (gzip postscript version 412 Kb)
• W.R. Nelson, A.F. Bielajew, D.W.O. Rogers and H. Hirayama
  EGS4 in '94: A decade of enhancements
  SLAC Report SLAC-PUB-6625 1994
  These are the slides used by Ralph Nelson in an invited talk at the World Congress on Medical Physics in Rio, Aug 1994 (in landscape orientation) (postscript version 2.0 Mb) (compress postscript version 286 Kb) (gzip postscript version 213 Kb)
• A.F. Bielajew
  EGS4 timing Comparisons
  Regularly updated results of the EGS4 timing benchmark
  (postscript version 69 kb) (compressed postscript version 30 Kb) (gzip postscript version 21 Kb)
• The IRS Thermoluminescent Dosimetry System
  I. Janovsky and C. K. Ross
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0369, 1993
  (pdf version) (draft) (test)
• The 2003 revision of the NRC standard for air-kerma in a Co-60 beam
  D.W.O. Rogers and John McCaffrey
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0876, 2003
  (pdf version)
• High Sensitivity Lithium Fluoride As a Detector for Environmental Dosimetry (M.Sc. Thesis)
  S. D. Davis
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0832, 2003
  (pdf version)
• The IRS Fricke Dosimetry System
  A. Olszanski, N. V. Klassen, C. K. Ross and K. R. Shortt
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0815, 2002
  (pdf version)
• Accurate Measurements of the Collision Stopping Powers for 5 to 30 MeV Electrons (Ph.D. Thesis)
  Miller S. MacPherson
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0626, 1998
  (pdf version)
• A Magnetic Spectrometer for Electron Energy Calibration
  M. S. MacPherson and C. K. Ross
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0617, 1998
  (pdf version)
• A Status Report on the NRC Sealed Water Calorimeter
  J. P. Seuntjens, C. K. Ross, N. V. Klassen and K. R. Shortt
  Report NRCC/PIRS-0584, 1999
  (pdf version)

If there are problems/suggestions, please e-mail them to Iwan Kawrakow

© Copyright 1995-2005, National Research Council of Canada Ottawa